Every pathway end to end: who provides and bills each step, what is bundled vs billed separately, what it costs, and where patients get hurt. Research base for The Fertility Index - written to answer: "are non-IVF services even offered separately?"
20 Oct 2026עדכון אחרון: 20 באוקטובר 202630+ free sources: ASRM / CDC / SART / NICE / Mercer / RESOLVE21-clinic Bay Area archive (Drive)209-thread Reddit pain researchFacts separated from labeled opinion
New: the whole journey at a glance. A one-page visual of the full fertility journey - the hub-and-spokes model, the 8 steps of an IVF cycle with real costs, and the parallel tracks (male side, donor, surrogacy, funding). Open the journey visual (Hebrew, updated 20 Oct 2026).
תקציר בעברית (5 שורות)
1. טיפולי פוריות הם לא שירותים נפרדים שקונים אחד-אחד: יש ציר אחד (מחזור IVF במרפאה) וסביבו שווקים נפרדים לגמרי - בית מרקחת מיוחד לתרופות, מעבדת גנטיקה ל-PGT, בנק זרע, בנק/סוכנות ביציות, סוכנות פונדקאות + עורכי דין, אורולוג, ואחסון הקפאה שנתי.
2. "מחיר מחזור IVF" אינו מושג אחיד: באזור המפרץ PFC גובה $18,000 כולל ניטור, הרדמה, שאיבה ואחסון לשנה, ואילו CCRM מפרסם $12,660-$20,855 בלי הרדמה, בדיקות, תרופות ואחסון - פער של $5,000-$10,000 על אותו טיפול.
3. מה שמטופלים באמת משלמים: $25,000-$32,000 למחזור מלא אחד, ובממוצע 2.3-2.7 מחזורים - כלומר $40,000-$60,000 לתהליך (FertilityIQ, n>23,000).
4. נקודות הכאב הכספיות: תרופות ($3,000-$7,000, תמיד בנפרד), PGT (חשבון כפול - ביופסיה במרפאה + מעבדה חיצונית), הרדמה נפרדת, FET בכל ניסיון נוסף, אחסון שנתי לנצח, דמי ביטול מחזור.
5. מ-1 בינואר 2026 חוק SB 729 מכסה עד 3 שאיבות בביטוחים קולקטיביים מלאים בקליפורניה - אבל לא בביטוחים עצמיים (self-funded), כך שהמשתנה הגדול במחיר הוא סוג הביטוח, לא המרפאה.
The short answer
Fertility care is not a set of independent services a patient shops one by one. It is a journey with one hub - the clinic cycle - surrounded by genuinely separate provider markets: specialty pharmacies (medications), genetics labs (PGT), sperm banks, egg banks and donor agencies, surrogacy agencies with attorneys and escrow, urologists, storage facilities, and employer-benefit managers.
The unit a patient budgets for is not an IVF cycle. It is a journey of 2.3-2.7 cycles plus add-ons: roughly $40,000-$60,000 all-in (FertilityIQ data, n>23,000 patients).
Some markets the patient really does shop separately (sperm bank, egg donor source, surrogacy agency, pharmacy price, financing). Some are pass-throughs the clinic coordinates but bills separately (the PGT genetics lab, the anesthesiologist). And a quoted "IVF cycle" can include or exclude monitoring, anesthesia, ICSI, PGT, freezing, storage and the transfer itself: in the 21-clinic Bay Area archive, PFC's $18,000 includes monitoring, anesthesia, retrieval, culture, freezing and a year of storage, while CCRM's $12,660-$20,855 excludes anesthesia, testing, medications and storage.
The whole journey on one map
1. Diagnostic workup
Consult, hormone panel (AMH/FSH), ultrasound, HSG, semen analysis, carrier screening, infectious-disease panel. Weeks 0-8. Realistic add: $800-$3,500 before any treatment.
↓
2. Route decision
The same workup sends people down very different roads:
IUI ladder - 3-4 cycles, then IVF if it failsIVF direct - tubal, age 38+, severe factorDonor sperm - bank → IUI or IVFDonor egg - bank or agency → recipient cycleSurrogacy - embryos first, then agency journeyEgg freezing - retrieval now, FET years laterUrology track - male factor, TESE / micro-TESEPreservation - cancer: days, not weeks
↓
3. One IVF cycle, step by step
2-6 weeks of active treatment (SART); with freeze-all and a later transfer, 2-4 months on the calendar.
Stimulation 8-14 days→Monitoring 4-8 visits→Trigger→Retrieval + sedation→Fertilize / ICSI→Culture to day 5-7→PGT? (freeze-all)→Freeze→Transfer / FET→Pregnancy test
$ pharmacy: meds $3,000-$7,000, always separate$ anesthesia: $300-$1,200, separate at many clinics$ PGT: clinic biopsy $1,200-$4,000 + outside lab $195-$375/embryo$ FET: $3,000-$6,900 each later attempt$ storage: $500-$1,500/yr, forever
↓
4. Repeat
Average 2.3-2.7 cycles per patient. Realistic journey budget: $40,000-$60,000. Live birth per intended retrieval: 41.7% under 35, falling to 2.8% over 42 (SART 2024, preliminary).
White boxes are clinic steps. Yellow chips are money that arrives on separate bills from separate providers.
What one modern IVF cycle is made of
Every line below is a cited national range, in the order a cycle incurs it (ivfcost.co itemization, read Oct 2026; see Sources). The base fee is the only piece a clinic's advertised price usually captures.
One all-in IVF cycle, itemized
Line item
Typical
Range
Base cycle fee (monitoring, retrieval, lab, one fresh transfer)
Frozen transfer (later cycle, repeats per attempt)
$5,000
$3,000-$6,900
Full modern cycle, all in: about $25,000-$32,000. Not every cycle includes every line, so the honest single-cycle range is wide - and then most patients need more than one.
Success and how many cycles it takes
<3541.7%
35-3729.6%
38-4018.5%
41-428.8%
>422.8%
Live births per intended egg retrieval, SART 2024 preliminary national summary (431,746 cycles).
Cycles per patient2.3-2.7 on average (FertilityIQ patient data, cited by Healthcare Brew and ivfcost)
Cumulative, under 35~51% after one complete cycle; ~80% after three (Australian national data)
Donor eggs~53.5% live birth per transfer at nearly any recipient age (ASRM/SART/CDC) - the highest-success path
IUI first rung3-4 cycles per ASRM guideline before moving to IVF; ~8-12% delivery per IUI cycle in registry data
Who pays changes the math more than clinic choice
California SB 729: from 1 Jan 2026 (at plan renewal), fully-insured large-group plans must cover diagnosis and treatment - up to 3 completed egg retrievals, unlimited embryo transfers, medications, monitoring, labs. DMHC reads ICSI and PGT-A/M in when medically necessary (CDI-regulated PPOs unclear). Donor gamete "procurement" covered but compensation/agency unclear; surrogacy compensation/legal/agency explicitly not covered. Self-funded plans are exempt - the ERISA loophole covering most large employers.
Employer benefits: 47% of employers with 500+ staff covered IVF in 2024, up from 22% in 2019 (Mercer). Median lifetime cap ~$20,000 - about one all-in cycle. Median cycle-based limit: 3 cycles. Specialty pharmacy can reach 40% of cycle cost.
Benefit managers re-bundle everything: Progyny sells a "Smart Cycle" currency (fresh IVF = 3/4 of a cycle, IUI = 1/4, egg freezing = 1/2) that wraps diagnostics, meds and treatment into one authorization. Carrot/Maven run reimbursement/navigation models.
Reddit evidence for the segment split: in "how did you choose a clinic" threads, 87% of self-pay comments mention price vs 30% of insured comments (project Reddit research, 321 coded comments). Two different products in the same geography.
Pathway by pathway
1. Diagnostic workup - everyone's first 1-2 months
Sequence: initial consult → female hormone panel (AMH, FSH/LH, estradiol) → antral-follicle ultrasound → uterine-cavity test (HSG or sonohysterogram) → semen analysis → often an FDA-required infectious-disease panel and genetic carrier screening → follow-up consult with a plan. Pieces leak outside the clinic: semen analysis at Labcorp-type labs, HSG at radiology centers, carrier screening billed by the genetics lab.
Initial consultCCRM $100-$559; Spring $450 (Bay Area archive); urology consult $200
Realistic total$800-$3,500 before any treatment starts (The Fertility Link)
Where it hurts: workup is often insurance-covered as "diagnostic" even when treatment is not - but coding mistakes push it out of pocket. Insurance confusion is the #2 pain category in the Reddit research (132/209 threads).
2. IUI - the cheap first rung, and its trap
Oral meds (letrozole/clomid) or low-dose injectables, 2-4 monitoring visits, a trigger shot, then washed sperm placed in the uterus at ovulation. One procedure day per cycle.
National range$250-$4,000 per cycle (UnitedHealthcare)
Bay Area publishedUCSF $1,900-$4,500 by protocol + meds; Spring $2,798-$3,834 + meds $100-$500; CCRM $1,200-$4,000; PFC $2,950
Effectiveness~8-12% delivery per cycle in registry data; NICE: 47-57% of under-40s conceive within 6 cycles; ASRM: 3-4 cycles of oral-med IUI, then IVF
The trap: after 1-2 IUIs the marginal odds flatten (FertilityIQ value analysis). Patients who do 4-6 IUIs can spend $10,000-$20,000 chasing a low per-cycle probability before IVF anyway. Cost per expected baby - not cost per attempt - is the honest number.
3. IVF - the hub everything attaches to
Who performs each step and how it bills. Two findings matter most: medications always come from a separate specialty pharmacy, and PGT splits into two bills (the clinic's biopsy and the outside genetics lab's per-embryo test).
Always separate. $3,000-$7,000 typical; the same drugs run $3,777-$16,505 across cash channels (ivfcost, Oct 2026)
Monitoring (ultrasound + bloodwork)
Clinic; satellite monitoring centers for remote patients and surrogates
Usually inside the cycle fee; $0-$2,500 per visit when billed outside (surrogacy contexts)
Retrieval + anesthesia
Clinic physician; anesthesiologist often an independent contractor
Retrieval in fee; anesthesia $300-$1,200 separate at many clinics (UCSF line item $816), included at PFC/KP
Fertilization / ICSI
Clinic embryology lab
Conventional included; ICSI $1,000-$2,500 add-on (to $3,000); ~60% of US cycles (ASRM)
PGT-A / PGT-M
Clinic does the biopsy; outside genetics lab does the test
Split bill: biopsy $1,200-$4,000 + lab $195-$375 per embryo; or +$970-$6,000 over the non-PGT price. Forces freeze-all + a later FET (59 clinics post prices)
Freezing
Clinic
Sometimes in the package, else $1,000-$2,000 incl. first year storage
Frozen transfer (FET)
Clinic
Separate cycle each attempt: $3,000-$6,900 (UCSF $4,000-$6,000 + meds $1,000-$1,500; Spring $6,079-$7,505; CCRM $3,920-$6,940; PFC $5,950)
Storage
Clinic first year often; then clinic or long-term facility (ReproTech/Fairfax-type)
Where patients get hurt (sourced): meds sticker shock (99/209 Reddit threads). The PGT split bill arriving from a lab they never chose (92 threads). Anesthesia as a separate contractor. FET priced as a full extra cycle each attempt. Storage bills forever. Cycle-cancellation fees of $1,500-$3,500. Weak-evidence add-ons (ERA $800-$1,500; EMMA/ALICE $600-$1,200; assisted hatching $400-$1,000). Embryo shipping $500-$2,000. Disposition fees $300-$800. Budget 30-50% above the headline cycle price.
4. Egg freezing - half an IVF cycle sold as a product
Identical to IVF steps 1-5 (stimulation, monitoring, retrieval), then vitrification instead of fertilization. About two weeks of active treatment.
Bay AreaUCSF $8,000-$9,000 + meds + anesthesia = $12,900-$15,900 all-in; Spring $10,500 pay-in-full; PFC $9,750 (~$13,000 with meds); KP $10,740
Eggs needed (Goldman model)~15-20 mature eggs under 38 for ~75% chance of one live birth; 25-30 at 38-40; 30+ over 40 for up to ~50%
What patients miss: one retrieval rarely banks enough eggs past 35 - budget for the real chance of a second cycle. Storage is an annuity: $400-$1,500 every year, for years. The pain arrives at thaw-and-transfer time, long after purchase.
5. Donor egg - two provider markets stacked on one clinic cycle
The patient shops an egg source (a frozen-egg bank or a fresh-donor agency) separately from the clinic that runs her recipient cycle. The recipient takes no stimulation drugs: estrogen and progesterone to prepare the lining, then transfer. 404 of 457 tracked US clinics offer donor-egg cycles.
Frozen bank cohort$23,250-$40,000 all-in; the eggs alone (lot of 6-8) cost $17,900-$24,500 at US egg banks. Faster - no synchronization
Bay AreaUCSF in-house donor program: $34,000-$40,000 cycle, $41,900-$50,400 all-in (archive)
Success~53.5% live birth per transfer at nearly any recipient age - vs own-egg 49.7% under 35 falling to 7.7% over 40
6. Donor sperm - a real standalone market
The clearest counter-example to "nothing is shopped separately": sperm banks run consumer storefronts. The patient picks a donor, buys vials, and ships them in a cryo tank to the clinic, which thaws and performs the IUI or IVF.
VialsCalifornia Cryobank $897 (anonymous) to $2,397 (latest ID-disclosure); Seattle Sperm Bank $1,695 IUI / $1,395 ICSI; UHC consumer range $25-$1,500
LogisticsShipping $200-$275 (continental US); bank storage $125/month or $500/yr
Journey realityPer-cycle odds mean most patients buy 2-6 vials over the journey, plus the clinic procedure fee each attempt
7. Gestational surrogacy - an industry outside the clinic
Total $120,000-$200,000 for the surrogacy journey alone (Hatch itemization, May 2025), excluding the IVF that creates the embryos. The clinic is medical-only: embryo creation, carrier screening, transfer, early monitoring.
Who does what in a surrogacy journey
Player
Role
Cost evidence
Agency
Recruits, screens, matches, manages the journey to birth
$35,000-$55,000 fee
Carrier compensation
Set by contract, paid via escrow in eighths from heartbeat
$45,000-$60,000 base (CA highest) + $7,500-$15,000 allowances + $1,000-$2,000 per transfer
Attorneys (both sides)
Surrogacy contract + mid-pregnancy parentage order; parents pay both
$10,000-$20,000 total + court fees
Escrow manager
Holds and disburses all funds
$1,500-$2,500
Insurance broker
Carrier health + life insurance - the single most variable line
$7,000-$25,000; ACA plan $12,000-$18,000; Lloyd's-type plan to $35,000; state liens +$10,000-$15,000
Travel / monitoring / wages
Carrier rarely lives near the clinic
$1,000-$5,000 travel; $0-$2,500 outside monitoring; lost wages vary
Sequence and surprises: embryos created first (IVF, possibly with donor egg) → agency match (months) → legal contracts → carrier medical screening → transfer → parentage proceedings mid-pregnancy → birth. A miscarriage-and-rematch scenario adds $12,000-$24,000. CA SB 729 covers the carrier's lab work and imaging - never compensation, legal or agency fees.
8. Male factor - the parallel urology track
Abnormal semen analysis sends the male partner to a reproductive urologist, outside the fertility clinic's fee sheet: hormone panel, scrotal ultrasound, then a branch - varicocele repair, medical treatment, or surgical sperm retrieval feeding IVF with ICSI. AUA/ASRM publish a joint guideline for the workup.
Published urology pricesConsult $200; semen analysis $125; scrotal US $250; DNA fragmentation ~$475; TESE $1,100; micro-TESE $2,850; varicocelectomy $1,500; vasectomy reversal $3,500; sperm freezing $200 + $250/yr
Bay AreaKP publishes surgical sperm retrieval at $7,600-$9,600 (archive)
Decision pointsSevere factor → ICSI; azoospermia → surgical retrieval + ICSI; donor sperm as the alternative path
9. LGBTQ+ paths - same Lego bricks, different assembly
Female couples: donor-sperm IUI (cheapest entry) or reciprocal IVF (ROPA) - one partner's eggs, the other carries: an IVF cycle + a sperm vial + legal parentage work (varies by state; UCSF offers it).
Male couples: egg donor + gestational surrogacy - the two most expensive markets stacked, $150,000-$250,000 combined realistically.
Single parents by choice: donor-sperm IUI or IVF; donor egg + surrogate for single men.
CA SB 729: fully-insured large-group plans must cover LGBTQ+ family building without an infertility diagnosis, from Jan 2026 plan renewal.
10. Fertility preservation (medical) - the fastest path
For cancer patients the whole journey compresses: expedited referral in days, one retrieval cycle before gonadotoxic therapy. ASRM's 2026 committee opinion and ASCO's guideline set the referral standard. CA SB 729 and several states mandate coverage for medically necessary preservation.
Q1. Bundled vs separate - who actually provides and bills each piece
Component by component (facts; sources below)
Component
Same clinic?
The reality
Medications
No
Specialty pharmacy, always billed separately; only 3 of 21 Bay Area clinics even publish a med figure; the same drugs vary 4x across channels
PGT
Split
Clinic biopsy + outside genetics lab per embryo; forces freeze-all and a later FET
Storage
Mixed
First period often bundled; then annual bills forever, clinic or long-term facility
Anesthesia
Mixed
Included at PFC/KP-type clinics; a separate $300-$1,200 contractor line at others
Monitoring
Mostly
Inside the cycle fee at most clinics; a separate satellite-monitoring market serves remote patients and surrogates
ICSI
Sometimes
Default-included at some clinics; a $1,000-$2,500 add-on at others; ~60% of US cycles
Donor sperm
No
Patient shops a sperm bank directly (vial + shipping + storage); clinic does the procedure
Donor egg
No
Egg bank or agency is a separate market; the clinic runs the recipient cycle only
Surrogacy
No
Entirely separate ecosystem: agency + two attorneys + escrow + insurance broker; clinic is medical-only
Genetic counseling
No
Separate counselors; carrier screening billed by the lab; ASRM advises counseling before ICSI in inherited cases
Male factor
No
A urology track - consult, imaging, TESE/micro-TESE - outside the clinic's fee sheet
So: the patient shops one hub (the clinic) plus 2-4 separate markets depending on path - and absorbs 3-6 pass-through bills they never chose.
Q2. What does "one IVF cycle" price actually include?
Whatever that clinic decided - there is no standard bundle. Inside 21 Bay Area clinics, the same words span from PFC's all-inclusive $18,000 (monitoring, anesthesia, retrieval, culture, freezing, one year of storage) to CCRM's $12,660-$20,855 excluding anesthesia, testing, medications and storage. Kaiser includes monitoring/anesthesia/retrieval/transfer/embryology and PGT biopsy but excludes meds and bills storage after 6 months. UCSF publishes an unbundled table ($14,000-$20,000 + meds $4,000-$6,000 + PGT $2,000 + anesthesia $816 = $20,900-$28,900 all-in).
A naive price ranking can be off by $5,000-$10,000 for identical care. The inclusion map is the product.
Q3. How many cycles do patients need?
Average completed cycles2.3-2.7 (FertilityIQ patient data, n>23,000; cited by Healthcare Brew and ivfcost)
Per intended retrieval41.7% under 35; 29.6% at 35-37; 18.5% at 38-40; 8.8% at 41-42; 2.8% over 42 (SART 2024, preliminary)
Cumulative under 35~51% after one complete cycle, ~80% after three (Australian national data)
IUI first rung3-4 cycles per ASRM before moving to IVF
Q4. What this means for the data model - my labeled opinion
Opinion, not fact. Everything in this section is my recommendation from the evidence above; the facts it builds on are cited.
1. The entity is the journey, not the service. Model pathways (workup → IUI ladder → IVF cycle(s) → FET(s) → storage years), each with a per-clinic cost stack: base cycle + meds + likely add-ons + expected FETs + storage. Show an estimated all-in per journey with labeled assumptions - never a fake-precise computed number.
2. Keep the inclusion map as the core differentiator. The 6-component transparency score is right. Never headline a bare cycle fee: pair it with the clinic's own all-in where published (the UCSF/Spring model), or a clearly labeled range built only from published components.
3. Add a payer switch as a first-class filter. After Jan 1, 2026, CA-mandate-insured vs self-funded vs uninsured are three different products in the same geography. Out-of-pocket under SB 729 vs cash is a bigger price variable than clinic choice.
4. Show cost per likely baby, not cost per attempt. Cycles-adjusted by age band from SART/CDC. That is the honest number nobody publishes - and it matches the founder's own journey (billed $50k+ across rounds).
5. Separate markets deserve their own indexes later. Sperm banks are real storefronts today; egg banks/agencies and surrogacy agencies follow. But the clinic hub carries ~80% of the pain: cost_total is the #1 Reddit pain category (168/209 threads).
6. Multi-cycle and refund programs belong in the model. Half of US clinics sell packages or shared-risk (FertilityIQ) - with the documented catch that exclusions (meds, PGS, testing) push most patients 25-50% beyond the sticker.
Limitations
Cost figures are published prices read on the cited pages in September-October 2026 (Bay Area archive read 20 Oct 2026). Actual bills vary with dose, protocol and negotiation. ivfcost and FertilityIQ figures are their compilations from clinic sites and patient surveys, and are labeled as such.
SART 2024 numbers are the preliminary national summary. The 2.3-2.7 cycles figure is a patient-survey average, not registry data; registry cumulative rates are given alongside.
Bay Area bundle evidence covers the 21 archived clinics; national bundle variance is wider.
Reddit pain coding is keyword multi-label over 209 threads found via Google site:reddit.com discovery - it measures salience on English-language Reddit, not prevalence in the patient population.
SB 729 implementation is evolving; DMHC and CDI interpretations may shift. Verify per plan before any user-facing claim.
No paid sources were used. Paywalled registries were excluded.
Sources
Process and medicine
ASRM ART booklet - reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/assisted-reproductive-technologies-booklet
SART step-by-step guide - sart.org/patients/a-patients-guide-to-assisted-reproductive-technology/general-information/art-step-by-step-guide
SART 2024 preliminary national summary - sartcorsonline.com/Csr/PublicSnapshotReport?reportingYear=2024
CDC About ART + interpreting success rates - cdc.gov/art/about, cdc.gov/art/success-rates/interpret.html
ASRM unexplained infertility guideline (2020) - asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/evidence-based-treatments-for-couples-with-unexplained-infertility-a-guideline-2020
NICE NG257 (IUI cumulative rates) - nice.org.uk/guidance/ng257
IUI registry review, Human Reproduction Update - academic.oup.com/humupd/article/24/3/300/4858544
U. Melbourne cumulative IVF success - unimelb.edu.au/ivf/understanding-ivf/ivf-success-rates
AUA/ASRM male infertility guideline - auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/male-infertility
ASRM fertility preservation committee opinion (2026) - asrm.org
ASCO fertility preservation guideline update - ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO-24-02782
ROPA systematic review - pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10158901
Costs
ivfcost.co: /costs (all-in cycle itemization), /egg-freezing, /donor-egg-ivf, /pgt-cost (59 clinics), /embryo-storage-cost (37 clinics), /medications, /blog/ivf-medication-costs-trumprx (read Oct 4, 2026)
FertilityIQ, Costs of IVF - fertilityiq.com/ivf-in-vitro-fertilization/costs-of-ivf
Healthcare Brew, 2.3-2.7 cycles - healthcare-brew.com/stories/2025/07/07/ivf-future-family-refundable
Stanford FBAC financial planning - fbac.stanford.edu/next-steps/financial-planning
The Fertility Link, 10 hidden costs of IVF (Jun 2025) - thefertilitylink.com/articles/hidden-costs-ivf-not-on-price-sheet
UnitedHealthcare fertility treatments - uhc.com/health-and-wellness/health-topics/family-building/fertility-treatments
Published urology price list - malefertilityandpeyroniesclinic.com/fertility/finances
IVF Options testing FAQ - ivfoptions.com/fertility-testing-faq
Illume egg donor cost breakdown (Aug 2025) - illumefertility.com/fertility-blog/egg-donor-cost
Third-party markets
California Cryobank vial pricing - cryobank.com/pricing/vial-pricing
Seattle Sperm Bank pricing - seattlespermbank.com/pricing
Hatch surrogacy expenses (May 2025) - hatch.us/en/blog/surrogacy-expenses
Satellite monitoring example - rejuvenatingfertility.com/rfc-local-monitoring
Payer layer
RESOLVE California SB 729 FAQ (updated Sep 2026) - resolve.org/learn/financial-resources/insurance-coverage/understanding-californias-ivf-insurance-law
SB 729 bill text - leginfo.legislature.ca.gov (2023-2024 SB 729)
Mercer employer IVF survey (47% in 2024, $20k median cap) - mercer.com/en-us/insights/us-health-news/delivering-efficient-and-affordable-ivf-coverage-to-employees
Progyny Smart Cycle - progyny.com/smart-benefits/smart-cycle
Fertility Bridge, benefit platforms compared - fertilitybridge.com
Project sources
The Fertility Index Reddit pain research (209 threads, Oct 2026) - fertility-reddit-data.urielgre.workers.dev
Bay Area 21-clinic archive (SCHEMA v3, extraction.json, bay_area_complete.json) - Google Drive "Fertility Index/data/"
UCSF reciprocal IVF - crh.ucsf.edu/fertility-treatment/reciprocal-ivf